Ing very low levels of autonomy. A sense of controlling one’s own life might reduce depression, as it might encourage problem solving and promote autonomy regarding stressor-related decisions. Given that the self is seen as an independent, autonomous, and differentiated entity in Western societies, psychiatric problems are usually conceptualized as deficits in intrapsychic structures (77). Accordingly, an emphasis on autonomy and de-emphasis of relatedness are also evident in contemporary Western psychotherapy approaches (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) (78). So, far, the literature indicates a need for further consideration of the interpersonal aspects of depression while working with patients of collectivistic origins.WHO MAKES THE CHOICE?Recently, the integration of motivational and cognitive approaches has been added to the literature to reveal a better understanding concerning differentiation of concepts of the self. Accordingly, two different self-systems have emerged as a result of this integration, namely, autonomy and relatedness. Autonomy refers to “self-rule”, a sense of agency and control. Relatedness, on the other hand, is characterized by the emotional and personal bonds between individuals. It has been theorized that individuals are motivated to achieve some sense of autonomy and relatedness (21,59,60,61,62). The need for autonomy encourages people to strive for being agents of their own life, having the capacity to make informed, AZD0156 web Quizartinib supplier uncoerced decisions (63). The need for relatedness is the urge to interact, to be connected, and the experience of caring for others and being cared for by others (64). The roles of autonomy and relatedness have also been a topic of debate in etiological studies of depression. As supported by some empirical evidence, a well-known explanation for depression and its etiology suggests that a diminished sense of personal control (autonomy) and a lack of social support (relatedness) are two important pathways to the disorder (42,65,66,67). In fact, there is also some evidence that the degree of autonomy and relatedness required for optimal functioning may vary as a function of cultural context (21,48,50,68,69,70). Correspondingly, it has been stated that in Western psychology, the development of a strong sense of autonomy is referred to as a prerequisite for healthy personality, moral, and cognitive development (58). Therefore, more emphasis is given to the development and maintenance of autonomy rather than relatedness. In contrast, collectivistic cultural orientations place greater emphasis on relatedness (rather than autonomy). This might be because of the fact that strivings for autonomy may conflict with the social values of a collectivistic culture (e.g., development and maintenance of social bonds and group harmony) (71,72). In support of these assumptions, a recent study documented 74 that Turkish immigrant parents in Germany tend to focus more on familyMANAGING EMOTIONS AS A CULTURAL NECESSITYAlong with cognition and motivation, the role of emotion in psychotherapy has long been a topic of importance in clinical psychology and has been subject to a great deal of research. For many psychotherapy approaches, emotions play a pivotal role in the intervention process. For instance, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or Dialectical Behavioral Therapy is often used to address long-term problems regarding emotions, interpersonal functioning, and behavioral change. A major statement of such therap.Ing very low levels of autonomy. A sense of controlling one’s own life might reduce depression, as it might encourage problem solving and promote autonomy regarding stressor-related decisions. Given that the self is seen as an independent, autonomous, and differentiated entity in Western societies, psychiatric problems are usually conceptualized as deficits in intrapsychic structures (77). Accordingly, an emphasis on autonomy and de-emphasis of relatedness are also evident in contemporary Western psychotherapy approaches (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) (78). So, far, the literature indicates a need for further consideration of the interpersonal aspects of depression while working with patients of collectivistic origins.WHO MAKES THE CHOICE?Recently, the integration of motivational and cognitive approaches has been added to the literature to reveal a better understanding concerning differentiation of concepts of the self. Accordingly, two different self-systems have emerged as a result of this integration, namely, autonomy and relatedness. Autonomy refers to “self-rule”, a sense of agency and control. Relatedness, on the other hand, is characterized by the emotional and personal bonds between individuals. It has been theorized that individuals are motivated to achieve some sense of autonomy and relatedness (21,59,60,61,62). The need for autonomy encourages people to strive for being agents of their own life, having the capacity to make informed, uncoerced decisions (63). The need for relatedness is the urge to interact, to be connected, and the experience of caring for others and being cared for by others (64). The roles of autonomy and relatedness have also been a topic of debate in etiological studies of depression. As supported by some empirical evidence, a well-known explanation for depression and its etiology suggests that a diminished sense of personal control (autonomy) and a lack of social support (relatedness) are two important pathways to the disorder (42,65,66,67). In fact, there is also some evidence that the degree of autonomy and relatedness required for optimal functioning may vary as a function of cultural context (21,48,50,68,69,70). Correspondingly, it has been stated that in Western psychology, the development of a strong sense of autonomy is referred to as a prerequisite for healthy personality, moral, and cognitive development (58). Therefore, more emphasis is given to the development and maintenance of autonomy rather than relatedness. In contrast, collectivistic cultural orientations place greater emphasis on relatedness (rather than autonomy). This might be because of the fact that strivings for autonomy may conflict with the social values of a collectivistic culture (e.g., development and maintenance of social bonds and group harmony) (71,72). In support of these assumptions, a recent study documented 74 that Turkish immigrant parents in Germany tend to focus more on familyMANAGING EMOTIONS AS A CULTURAL NECESSITYAlong with cognition and motivation, the role of emotion in psychotherapy has long been a topic of importance in clinical psychology and has been subject to a great deal of research. For many psychotherapy approaches, emotions play a pivotal role in the intervention process. For instance, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or Dialectical Behavioral Therapy is often used to address long-term problems regarding emotions, interpersonal functioning, and behavioral change. A major statement of such therap.
