Like to acknowledge Andreas Kuberl, Dr. Tino Polen ?and Dr. Christian Schultz from Research Center Julich for their assistance ?in identification of OPRM by mass spectrometry, and Qiagen GmbH who provided the synthetic gene for OPRM.Ligand Binding Assays by Surface Plasmon ResonanceThe binding experiments were carried out on a Biacore-X instrument (Biacore) at 25uC. OPRM was immobilized in one cell within a Ni-NTA sensor chip to obtain around 4000 response units (RU). The second cell was used as a control. Both cells were equilibrated with running Buffer B to establish a stable baseline. EM-1 was dissolved in buffer B and injected (flow rate 5 ml/min) over the captured receptor and the reference cell at concentrations of 10, 30, 50, 60, 80, and 100 nM. Association was monitored for 2 min, and dissociation was monitored for 5 min. No regenerationAuthor ContributionsConceived and 23727046 designed the experiments: YM JL. Performed the experiments: YM JK. Analyzed the data: YM JK JL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YM JK JL. Wrote the paper: YM JL.
Microtia is reported to occur in 0.83 to 4.34 per 10,000 births, with higher incidences among males and those of Asian heritage [1]. Although the diagnosis of microtia encompasses a spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from “mild structural abnormalities to complete absence of the ear,” [1] even minor cases may incur psychological distress due to actual or perceived disfigurement and its PS-1145 site effect on psychosocial functioning. Autologous reconstruction techniques, in which costal cartilage is harvested, sculpted to recreate the three-dimensional structureof the auricle, and implanted under the periRE640 site auricular skin, are the current gold standard for reconstruction of microtia [2] and other auricular deformities. Among the benefits of this approach are long-term stability [2,3,4,5], a high degree of biocompatibility [6], the absence of antigenicity [3], and the potential for the graft to grow with the patient as he matures [2,3,4]. Despite these advantages, the use of autologous costal cartilage incurs numerous drawbacks, including a limited donor site supply [4,5,7] and significant donor site morbidity [2,3,4,5,7,8,9]. Other notable drawbacks associated with this approach are the immenseTissue Engineering of Patient-Specific Auriclesdifficulty inherent to sculpting an anatomically correct patientspecific auricular facsimile [3,4,7] and the inability for costal cartilage to adequately approximate the complex biomechanical properties of native auricular elastic cartilage [3,9], all of which contribute to suboptimal aesthetic outcomes. For these reasons, a tissue engineering-driven solution has long been sought for auricular reconstruction. Such a strategy entails the fabrication of a scaffold (either naturally-derived, synthetic, or a combination of the two) recapitulating the three-dimensional structure of the native external ear that could then be seeded with chondrocytes and subsequently implanted in the intended recipient. Over time, these grafted chondrocytes would secrete a new elastic cartilaginous matrix, thereby replacing the original scaffold while maintaining its contours. Indeed, execution of this strategy has been attempted previously and many clinically and commercially available synthetic polymers have been evaluated for this purpose. Benefits of their use include abundant supply, consistency in behavior, and the ability to be exactly sculpted into the desired configuration [2,9]. Howeve.Like to acknowledge Andreas Kuberl, Dr. Tino Polen ?and Dr. Christian Schultz from Research Center Julich for their assistance ?in identification of OPRM by mass spectrometry, and Qiagen GmbH who provided the synthetic gene for OPRM.Ligand Binding Assays by Surface Plasmon ResonanceThe binding experiments were carried out on a Biacore-X instrument (Biacore) at 25uC. OPRM was immobilized in one cell within a Ni-NTA sensor chip to obtain around 4000 response units (RU). The second cell was used as a control. Both cells were equilibrated with running Buffer B to establish a stable baseline. EM-1 was dissolved in buffer B and injected (flow rate 5 ml/min) over the captured receptor and the reference cell at concentrations of 10, 30, 50, 60, 80, and 100 nM. Association was monitored for 2 min, and dissociation was monitored for 5 min. No regenerationAuthor ContributionsConceived and 23727046 designed the experiments: YM JL. Performed the experiments: YM JK. Analyzed the data: YM JK JL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YM JK JL. Wrote the paper: YM JL.
Microtia is reported to occur in 0.83 to 4.34 per 10,000 births, with higher incidences among males and those of Asian heritage [1]. Although the diagnosis of microtia encompasses a spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from “mild structural abnormalities to complete absence of the ear,” [1] even minor cases may incur psychological distress due to actual or perceived disfigurement and its effect on psychosocial functioning. Autologous reconstruction techniques, in which costal cartilage is harvested, sculpted to recreate the three-dimensional structureof the auricle, and implanted under the periauricular skin, are the current gold standard for reconstruction of microtia [2] and other auricular deformities. Among the benefits of this approach are long-term stability [2,3,4,5], a high degree of biocompatibility [6], the absence of antigenicity [3], and the potential for the graft to grow with the patient as he matures [2,3,4]. Despite these advantages, the use of autologous costal cartilage incurs numerous drawbacks, including a limited donor site supply [4,5,7] and significant donor site morbidity [2,3,4,5,7,8,9]. Other notable drawbacks associated with this approach are the immenseTissue Engineering of Patient-Specific Auriclesdifficulty inherent to sculpting an anatomically correct patientspecific auricular facsimile [3,4,7] and the inability for costal cartilage to adequately approximate the complex biomechanical properties of native auricular elastic cartilage [3,9], all of which contribute to suboptimal aesthetic outcomes. For these reasons, a tissue engineering-driven solution has long been sought for auricular reconstruction. Such a strategy entails the fabrication of a scaffold (either naturally-derived, synthetic, or a combination of the two) recapitulating the three-dimensional structure of the native external ear that could then be seeded with chondrocytes and subsequently implanted in the intended recipient. Over time, these grafted chondrocytes would secrete a new elastic cartilaginous matrix, thereby replacing the original scaffold while maintaining its contours. Indeed, execution of this strategy has been attempted previously and many clinically and commercially available synthetic polymers have been evaluated for this purpose. Benefits of their use include abundant supply, consistency in behavior, and the ability to be exactly sculpted into the desired configuration [2,9]. Howeve.
