Studied in different P/D’s and MgCl2 concentrations, however we here display the changes observed at 10 mM MgCl2 and at P/D’s 6 as representative for this particular study. Initially we observed a hypochromic shift in DNA-Mg2+ mixtures (without drugs) (Fig. 5) but intriguingly this was reverted to hyperchromicity at various P/ D’s concentration and the one that is depicted here is P/D 6 in the vicinity of 10 mM MgCl2 (Figs. 5A ). Before studying the UV PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 1 site spectra of calf thymus DNA with different concentration of xanthine derivatives either in the presence or absence of divalent metal ions, the MedChemExpress Gracillin native spectra of all the three drugs used for the binding interactions 12926553 were also studied. The absorption maxima for theophylline, theobromine and caffeine were found to lie in the region of 269?78 nm (lmax: ,274 nm) (figures not included). During the binding interaction of these xanthines with DNA either in the presence (Fig. 5) or absence of divalent metal ions such as Mg2+, DNA spectra exhibited a shift in nm, where the free DNA absorbance lmax at 260 nm, shifted to 270 nm in DNA-drug or DNA-drug-metal complexes with a prominent hyperchromicity. The shift in the nm signifies the formation of binding adducts for DNA-drugFigure 5. Binding affinity of methylxanthines in the presence of divalent metal ion. (A). Ultraviolet absorption 
spectrum of DNA in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. (B). Changes in the methylxanthines (theophylline, theobromine and caffeine) bound (P/D 6) DNA spectra in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050019.gMethylxanthines Binding with DNAFigure 6. FTIR spectra of DNA, DNA-methylxanthines complexes in the presence of Mg2+ (30 mM). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050019.gdrug interaction. Other mode of interaction with DNA structure such as the intercalation (inside the helix) could not be a predominant interaction for methylxanthines binding with DNA [2]. Though UV absorption did point to the role of backbone mediated interaction of metal with DNA as well as the interaction of drugs with DNA in the vicinity of metal, more detailed analysis rendered by FTIR spectroscopy reveals the differential binding of methylxanthines as detailed below.Interaction of methylxanthines in the presence of Mg2+ with DNA: FTIR analysisThe main IR spectral features related to DNA-Mg2+, DNAMg2+-drug complexes are shown in Fig. 6. 
If required, these Figures can also be compared with the free DNA, free drugs and non-metal DNA-drug complexes (Figs. 3 and 4). Also for a quick reference the changes in the functional groups are tabulated (Table 2). We examined the spectral changes of DNA and drugs inMethylxanthines Binding with DNATable 2. The vibrational frequencies of C = O, NH and PO22 (FTIR, KBr cm21) bands of free DNA, free drugs 15755315 and DNA-drug-metal complexes.Functional GroupsFree DNA (cm21)Free Drugs (cm21) X1 X2 3113 X3Mg(II)- DNA (cm21)Mg(II)- DNA-X1 (cm21)Mg(II)- DNA-X2 (cm21)Mg(II)- DNA-X3 (cm21)NH C=O PO22 (uas) PO22 (us)3350?900 1694.4 1238.93550?3600?9503550?9003500?100 1700.5 12791, 1240, 12051718, 1666.8 1691.7 — — — –1699.8, 1658.7 1715 — — 1279, 12441278, 1241.4, 1200 1275, 1246.3 1105X1 = theophylline, X2 = theobromine and X3 = caffeine. Mg(II)-DNA = Mg2+-DNA complex, Mg(II)-DNA-X1 = Mg2+-DNA-theophylline complex, Mg(II)-DNA-X2 = Mg2+-DNA-theobromine complex and Mg(II)-DNA-X3 = Mg2+-DNAcaffeine complex. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050019.tthe presence of Mg2+ from 1?0 mM concentration. However, significant changes were observ.Studied in different P/D’s and MgCl2 concentrations, however we here display the changes observed at 10 mM MgCl2 and at P/D’s 6 as representative for this particular study. Initially we observed a hypochromic shift in DNA-Mg2+ mixtures (without drugs) (Fig. 5) but intriguingly this was reverted to hyperchromicity at various P/ D’s concentration and the one that is depicted here is P/D 6 in the vicinity of 10 mM MgCl2 (Figs. 5A ). Before studying the UV spectra of calf thymus DNA with different concentration of xanthine derivatives either in the presence or absence of divalent metal ions, the native spectra of all the three drugs used for the binding interactions 12926553 were also studied. The absorption maxima for theophylline, theobromine and caffeine were found to lie in the region of 269?78 nm (lmax: ,274 nm) (figures not included). During the binding interaction of these xanthines with DNA either in the presence (Fig. 5) or absence of divalent metal ions such as Mg2+, DNA spectra exhibited a shift in nm, where the free DNA absorbance lmax at 260 nm, shifted to 270 nm in DNA-drug or DNA-drug-metal complexes with a prominent hyperchromicity. The shift in the nm signifies the formation of binding adducts for DNA-drugFigure 5. Binding affinity of methylxanthines in the presence of divalent metal ion. (A). Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of DNA in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. (B). Changes in the methylxanthines (theophylline, theobromine and caffeine) bound (P/D 6) DNA spectra in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050019.gMethylxanthines Binding with DNAFigure 6. FTIR spectra of DNA, DNA-methylxanthines complexes in the presence of Mg2+ (30 mM). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050019.gdrug interaction. Other mode of interaction with DNA structure such as the intercalation (inside the helix) could not be a predominant interaction for methylxanthines binding with DNA [2]. Though UV absorption did point to the role of backbone mediated interaction of metal with DNA as well as the interaction of drugs with DNA in the vicinity of metal, more detailed analysis rendered by FTIR spectroscopy reveals the differential binding of methylxanthines as detailed below.Interaction of methylxanthines in the presence of Mg2+ with DNA: FTIR analysisThe main IR spectral features related to DNA-Mg2+, DNAMg2+-drug complexes are shown in Fig. 6. If required, these Figures can also be compared with the free DNA, free drugs and non-metal DNA-drug complexes (Figs. 3 and 4). Also for a quick reference the changes in the functional groups are tabulated (Table 2). We examined the spectral changes of DNA and drugs inMethylxanthines Binding with DNATable 2. The vibrational frequencies of C = O, NH and PO22 (FTIR, KBr cm21) bands of free DNA, free drugs 15755315 and DNA-drug-metal complexes.Functional GroupsFree DNA (cm21)Free Drugs (cm21) X1 X2 3113 X3Mg(II)- DNA (cm21)Mg(II)- DNA-X1 (cm21)Mg(II)- DNA-X2 (cm21)Mg(II)- DNA-X3 (cm21)NH C=O PO22 (uas) PO22 (us)3350?900 1694.4 1238.93550?3600?9503550?9003500?100 1700.5 12791, 1240, 12051718, 1666.8 1691.7 — — — –1699.8, 1658.7 1715 — — 1279, 12441278, 1241.4, 1200 1275, 1246.3 1105X1 = theophylline, X2 = theobromine and X3 = caffeine. Mg(II)-DNA = Mg2+-DNA complex, Mg(II)-DNA-X1 = Mg2+-DNA-theophylline complex, Mg(II)-DNA-X2 = Mg2+-DNA-theobromine complex and Mg(II)-DNA-X3 = Mg2+-DNAcaffeine complex. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050019.tthe presence of Mg2+ from 1?0 mM concentration. However, significant changes were observ.
