S are already known to be associated with CRC, these markers as a combined discriminative set are firstly applied in this study. The identified set of 11 markers was proved to be a highly specific and sensitive discriminator of the colorectal dysplasia-carcinoma transition which is of great clinical importance regarding the early diagnosis of CRC. These markers can establish the basis of gene expression based diagnostic classification of benign and malignant colorectal diseases and of development of diagnostic real-time PCR cards,Biomarkers for Dysplasia-Carcinoma Transitionfurthermore they are to be utilized for prospective biopsy screening both at mRNA and protein levels.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Tim Allen MSc. from Cranfield University, UK for reviewing the manuscript.Supporting InformationTable S1 Supplementary table of the collected and analyzed samples. (DOC)Author ContributionsConceived and designed 1326631 the experiments: OG BW ZT BM. Performed the experiments: OG SS KT KL AK. Analyzed the data: BW FS TK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TK. Wrote the paper: OG BW.
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae live in highly variable environment, in which the S. cerevisiae have to cope with the fluctuating external osmolarity [1]. For instance, yeast cells living in the surface of grape berry may be suddenly exposed to the high sugar levels when the outer layer of grapes cracks [2]. Yeast has developed the HOG (high osmolarity glycerol) pathway to survive and adapt to the osmotic stress [2,3]. The HOG pathway is one of the most detailed-studied MAPK signaling pathways [2,4]. MAP SIS-3 supplier kinase cascades, the highly conserved signaling pathways nearly in all eukaryotes, are composed of three sequentially activating kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then activates a MAPK. The HOG cascade consists of five protein kinases [4]. Three MAPKKKs, Ssk2p, Ssk22p, and Ste11p, activate a single downstream MAPKK, Pbs2p, which activates a single MAP kinase, Hog1p [2,4]. Previous research identified two independent functionally redundant upstream branches, SHO1 branch [5,6] and SLN1 branch [7,8], which converge and finally activate the HOG pathway [5,7]. In the SHO1 branch, two mucin-like transmembrane proteins Msb2p and Hkr1p [9]sense the osmotic shock and together with membrane-bound small G protein Cdc42p, leading to the activation of the PAK-like kinase Ste20p [6,10,11]. The activated Ste20p phosphorylates and activates Ste11p [11], which in turn activates the MAPKK Pbs2p [5,12]. Furthermore,the activation of Ste11p requires the scaffold protein Ste50p which forms a complex with Ste11p. Both the Cdc42-Ste20 and the 548-04-9 web Sho1-Pbs2 complexes are on the membrane [6,13,14,15]. The SLN1 branch contains a three-component signaling protein complex composed of Sln1p, Ypd1p, and Ssk1p [7,16,17,18,19,20]. This upstream branch is structurally and functionally similar to the two-component or three-component phosphorelay systems in certain bacteria and also in plants and other eukaryotes [19,21]. Sln1p is a sensor histidine kinase which has two TM domains and a cytoplasmic HK domain [8,21]. Sln1p is catalytically active under normal condition [21]. In an unstressed environment, the Sln1p 
autophosphorylates itself and 22948146 this phosphate is then transferred to Asp1144 at the receiver domain of Sln1p [7,8,16,20]. Subsequently, the phosphate group is transferred to His64 on Ypd1p 
and further to Asp.S are already known to be associated with CRC, these markers as a combined discriminative set are firstly applied in this study. The identified set of 11 markers was proved to be a highly specific and sensitive discriminator of the colorectal dysplasia-carcinoma transition which is of great clinical importance regarding the early diagnosis of CRC. These markers can establish the basis of gene expression based diagnostic classification of benign and malignant colorectal diseases and of development of diagnostic real-time PCR cards,Biomarkers for Dysplasia-Carcinoma Transitionfurthermore they are to be utilized for prospective biopsy screening both at mRNA and protein levels.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Tim Allen MSc. from Cranfield University, UK for reviewing the manuscript.Supporting InformationTable S1 Supplementary table of the collected and analyzed samples. (DOC)Author ContributionsConceived and designed 1326631 the experiments: OG BW ZT BM. Performed the experiments: OG SS KT KL AK. Analyzed the data: BW FS TK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TK. Wrote the paper: OG BW.
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae live in highly variable environment, in which the S. cerevisiae have to cope with the fluctuating external osmolarity [1]. For instance, yeast cells living in the surface of grape berry may be suddenly exposed to the high sugar levels when the outer layer of grapes cracks [2]. Yeast has developed the HOG (high osmolarity glycerol) pathway to survive and adapt to the osmotic stress [2,3]. The HOG pathway is one of the most detailed-studied MAPK signaling pathways [2,4]. MAP kinase cascades, the highly conserved signaling pathways nearly in all eukaryotes, are composed of three sequentially activating kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then activates a MAPK. The HOG cascade consists of five protein kinases [4]. Three MAPKKKs, Ssk2p, Ssk22p, and Ste11p, activate a single downstream MAPKK, Pbs2p, which activates a single MAP kinase, Hog1p [2,4]. Previous research identified two independent functionally redundant upstream branches, SHO1 branch [5,6] and SLN1 branch [7,8], which converge and finally activate the HOG pathway [5,7]. In the SHO1 branch, two mucin-like transmembrane proteins Msb2p and Hkr1p [9]sense the osmotic shock and together with membrane-bound small G protein Cdc42p, leading to the activation of the PAK-like kinase Ste20p [6,10,11]. The activated Ste20p phosphorylates and activates Ste11p [11], which in turn activates the MAPKK Pbs2p [5,12]. Furthermore,the activation of Ste11p requires the scaffold protein Ste50p which forms a complex with Ste11p. Both the Cdc42-Ste20 and the Sho1-Pbs2 complexes are on the membrane [6,13,14,15]. The SLN1 branch contains a three-component signaling protein complex composed of Sln1p, Ypd1p, and Ssk1p [7,16,17,18,19,20]. This upstream branch is structurally and functionally similar to the two-component or three-component phosphorelay systems in certain bacteria and also in plants and other eukaryotes [19,21]. Sln1p is a sensor histidine kinase which has two TM domains and a cytoplasmic HK domain [8,21]. Sln1p is catalytically active under normal condition [21]. In an unstressed environment, the Sln1p autophosphorylates itself and 22948146 this phosphate is then transferred to Asp1144 at the receiver domain of Sln1p [7,8,16,20]. Subsequently, the phosphate group is transferred to His64 on Ypd1p and further to Asp.
