s were cut with the help of micro-scalpel blades and cultivated on the same polycarbonate membranes, for 24 hours before bead implantation and/or chemical treatments. Polarization Activity of Fgf8 in Mouse Brain All animal manipulation and experimental procedures were performed accordingly to the directives of the Spanish and European Union governments and approved by the Animal Experimentation Committee of the Institute of Neuroscience UMH-CSIC. Mice from ICR strain were used as wild type. The transgenic mouse strain Fgf8neo/null background and genotyped as previously described by Trokovic et al.,. Implantation of FGF8b-soaked Beads Heparin acrylic beads were rinsed in PBS and soaked in FGF8b solution for 1 h at 4uC. FGF8b-soaked beads were rinsed three times in PBS and MedChemExpress Torin 1 thereafter implanted in the neural tube explants cultures as previously described. Control beads were incubated in PBS and implanted in the same manner. Bafilomycin A1 and Brefeldin A Treatments Bafilomycin A1 was used for blocking the lysosomal pathway and so, preventing FGF8 degradation after endocytosis. ONTCs were incubated with BAF at a concentration of 1 mM in 0.04 mg/ml Dimethyl sulfoxide, added to the culture medium. The incubation time period was set at 2 hours, 37uC. Control explants were treated only with DMSO at same concentration and for same period of time. Brefeldin A was used for blocking release of exocytic vesicles content. Culture medium solution with the diluted chemical was used to treat the ONTCs, at a concentration of 25 mg/ml, in 0.04 mg/ml DMSO. The incubation time period was set at 4 hours, 37uC for optimal desired effects. Control explants were treated with DMSO only as above mentioned. incubated with hydrogen peroxide at 3% for 30 minutes to inactivate the endogenous peroxidase activity. Then after 3 washes in PBS-T, they were blocked with goat serum at 5% and bovine serum albumin at 2% in PBST. Incubation of Rabbit anti-dpERK was done overnight at room temperature. For the immunodetection in toto of the di-phosphorylated form of ERK1/2, the primary antibody was incubated for three nights at 4uC. In the case of mouse anti-FGF8b for 2 nights at 4uC. Then, several washes in PBS-T were done before 1 hour incubation with Anti-rabbit or Anti-mouse biotinylated secondary antibodies at 1:300. Afterwards, Avidin-Biotin Complex was added at 1:300 for 1 hour and washed in PBS-T. Colorimetric detection in embryos, ONTCs and tissue sections were incubated with 3,39Diaminobenzidine and 0,003% H2O2. In some cases we used combined protocols of ISH and IHC within the same tissue. Finally for immunofluorescence detection of mouse monoclonal anti-FGF8b in cryostat sections an anti-mouse Alexa-Fluor-594; was used for 1 hour at RT. DAPI staining was used to visualize the nuclei of the cells. After all colorimetric detection, PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205151 embryos ONTCs were washed 
several times in PBT. All images were photographed with Leica stereoscope or an upright microscope for the cryostat sections, using a Leica DC500 camera or DCF350 camera for fluorescence images. All pictures were taken using Leica LAS AF software. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. Constantino Sotelo for insightful and helpful suggestions during preparation of the manuscript. We would like to thank specially Drs. Laura Lahti and Joan Galceran for technical suggestions. We thank Dr. Gail Martin form kindly providing the mouse strain Fgf8neo/null. We also thank Martinezs Laboratory Staff for technical support. In
