of other self-reactive T cells contributing to immune tolerance. These Tregs are particularly increased in the mucosa and peripheral blood of active CD patients as a consequence of the activation of a regulatory SB-705498 response to counteract the inflammation caused by gluten, but their role in animal models of CD has not been studied so far. In recent years, PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180813 innate immunity and early interactions of gliadin-derived peptides with intestinal epithelial cells have also been considered critical in the development of the disease. Some gluten peptides can mediate an innate-immune response that involves induction of interleukine -15 production by epithelial and dendritic cells. IL-15 induces up-regulation of the non-MHC class I receptor NKG2D on intraepithelial lymphocytes, and its ligand MICA on epithelial cells, that interact and activate cytolytic function on enterocytes. The activation of the NFkB pathway in intestinal epithelial cells also mediates the production of other inflammatory cytokines, such as the tumour necrosis factor -a, which facilitates the interaction of IELs and intestinal epithelial cells promoting tissue inflammation. In germ-free rat pups, colonisation by the whole microbiota has similar effects as administration of gliadin on IEL subpopulations, suggesting that both factors activate common immunological responses that may influence CD development. Human studies also report that CD is characterised by imbalances in the composition of the microbiota and, particularly, reduced numbers of total bifidobacteria and B. longum. In vitro studies have 
demonstrated that the presence of B. longum CECT 7347 during the intestinal digestion of gliadin leads to the generation of different peptide sequences and reduces their toxic and inflammatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, B. longum CECT 7347 has been shown in vitro to counteract the inflammatory response induced by the altered faecal microbiota of CD patients in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Yet, the possible in vivo effects of this bifidobacterial strain on CD have not been evaluated. In the light of the evidence available, in this study we hypothesise that the administration of B. longum CECT 7347, with immunoregulatory properties and ability to attenuate in vitro gliadin toxicity on epithelial cells, could exert protective effects in a model of gliadin-induced enteropathy in weaning rats. Netherlands). Aliquots of these cell suspensions were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at 280uC until used. The number of live cells after freezing and thawing was determined by plate counting on MRS-C agar after 48 h of incubation, and were expressed as colony-forming units per mL. More than 90% of cells were alive upon thawing and no significant differences were found during storage time. One fresh aliquot was thawed for every new experiment to avoid variability in bacterial cell viability between experiments. Animals and experimental design Animal experiments were carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of University of Valencia and the protocol was approved by its Ethic Committee. Experimental animals were female, weaning Wistar rats, provided by the SCSIE. The adult females were date-mated, and fed ad libitum with a standard diet. Shortly after spontaneous birth, animals were randomly distributed into seven different groups: 1) artificially reared with the hypoallergenic milk-based formul
