AITRL Protein

Quality Statement:
AITRL, a type II transmembrane protein, is a ligand for glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR). GITR, a member of the TNFR superfamily, is expressed in T cells, natural killer cells and some myeloid cells. And GITRL is mainly expressed on antigen presenting cells (B cells, dendritic cells), macrophages and endothelial cells (ECs).When GITRL binds to GITR, GITR can produce costimulatory signals that regulate T-cell proliferation and effector functions. The interaction stimulates proliferation and cytokine production of both CD4+ Teff and Treg cells, and drives antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells. Besides, GITRL plays a role in EC-activation and promotes adhesion in both mice and humans, which increases STAT-1 phosphorylation and the augmented expression of adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1 and ICAM-1.

Reference:
Tian J, et al. The Role of GITR/GITRL Interaction in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol. 2020 Oct 9;11:588682. Park MS, et al. The association of the activation-inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand with lumbar disc herniation. Yonsei Med J. 2007 Oct 31;48(5):839-46. Lacal PM, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related ligand triggering upregulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and promotes leukocyte adhesion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Oct;347(1):164-72. Wang F, et al. Structures of mouse and human GITR-GITRL complexes reveal unique TNF superfamily interactions. Nat Commun. 2021 Mar 2;12(1):1378.