Neration. Big Aurora B Inhibitor MedChemExpress efforts have been made on the exploration of strategies to prepare bioactive scaffolds. Within the previous 5 years, electrospun scaffolds have gained an exponentially growing reputation in this region as a result of their ultrathin fiber diameter and large surface-volume ratio, which is favored for biomolecule delivery. This paper critiques existing methods that may be applied to prepare bioactive electrospun scaffolds, including physical adsorption, blend electrospinning, coaxial electrospinning, and covalent immobilization. Additionally, this paper also analyzes the current challenges (i.e., protein instability, low gene transfection efficiency, and difficulties in correct kinetics prediction) to achieve biomolecule release from electrospun scaffolds, which necessitate additional investigation to totally exploit the biomedical applications of those bioactive scaffolds. Key WORDS electrospinning . gene delivery . protein delivery . scaffold . tissue engineeringW. Ji : Y. Sun : F Yang : J. J. J. P van den Beucken : J. A. Jansen () . . Department of Biomaterials (Dentistry 309) Radboud University Nijmegen Healthcare Center PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] W. Ji : Y. Sun : M. Fan : Z. Chen Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University 237 Luoyu Road 430079, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of ChinaABBREVIATIONS ALP alkaline phosphatase BMP2 bone morphogenic protein 2 (protein type) bmp2 bone morphogenic protein two (gene type) BSA bovine serum albumin EGF epidermal development issue FA folic acid HA hyaluronic acid HAp hydroxylapatite NGF nerve growth aspect pBMP-2 plasmid DNA encoding bone morphogenic protein-2 PCL poly(-caprolactone) PCL-b-PEG poly(-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) pCMV-EGFP plasmid DNA encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein having a cytomegalovirus promoter pCMV plasmid DNA encoding -galactosidase PDGF-bb platelet-derived development factor-bb PDLLA poly (D,L-lactide) pDNA plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid PEG-b-PDLLA poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactide) pEGFP-N1 plasmid DNA encoding a red shifted variant of wild-type green fluorescent protein pGL3 plasmid DNA encoding luciferase PLCL poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) PLGA poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PMMAAA copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylic acid (AA) PSU polysulphone PVA poly(vinyl alcohol)Ji et al.INTRODUCTION Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the improvement of functional substitutes for broken tissues. The basic concept behind tissue engineering is always to use the body’s organic biological response to tissue harm in conjunction with engineering principles (1). To achieve effective tissue regeneration, three key elements are to become considered: cells, scaffolds, and biomolecules (e.g., growth element, gene, etc.). Currently, two methods have emerged as the most promising tissue engineering approaches (Fig. 1) (2). One is usually to implant pre-cultured cells and synthetic scaffold complexes into the defect spot. Within this approach, the CA XII Inhibitor list seeded cells are generally isolated from host target tissues, for which they supply the primary resource to form newly born tissue. The synthetic scaffolds, however, give porous three-dimensional structures to accommodate the cells to form extracellular matrix (ECMs) and regulate the cell.
