E earliest serpulids and sabellids presumably began to calcify inside the
E earliest serpulids and sabellids presumably started to calcify in the Aragonite II seas from the Permian Period [58,68], and aragonite is presumed to be the primitive biomineral for each serpulids and sabellids [32,69]. It really is possible that the dominant mineralogy of serpulids changed to calcitic throughout the intense Calcite II seas of the Late Cretaceous [70]. It really is intriguing that the bryozoans, as an example, are primitively calcitic, and they appeared during an epoch of calcitic seas (Late Cambrian), whereasMinerals 2021, 11,12 ofboth molluscs and serpulids are primitively aragonitic and appeared through an epoch of aragonitic seas inside the Early Cambrian and Permian, respectively. The other groups of polychaetes played only minor roles inside the evolution of polychaete biomineralization, and their biomineralization systems are primitive as compared to serpulids.Figure ten. Evolution of serpulid tube microstructures. Phylogenetic relationships of serpulid genera derived from Kupriyanova et al. [67]. Numbers indicate: 1, unoriented structures; two, semi-oriented structures; three, oriented prismatic structures. Serpulids with dominantly calcitic mineralogy or with mixed composition are marked with yellow, and genera with dominantly aragonitic mineralogy are marked with blue.8. Conclusions Fifteen tube microBSJ-01-175 Epigenetics structures take place in serpulids, whereas in sabellids and cirratulids, only two varieties of tube microstructures have BMS-986094 site already been described. Serpulids possess the most sophisticated biomineralization technique among the polychaetes and in annelids normally.Minerals 2021, 11,13 ofThey can construct tubes from calcite, aragonite, or a mixture of both polymorphs. The biomineralization of sabellids and cirratulids is much more primitive and they produce only two aragonitic microstructures. Sabellids and likely also cirratulids are organic matrixmediated biomineralizers, whereas the biomineralization technique of serpulids has remained more controversial. Nevertheless, the microstructural patterns of serpulid tubes are best explained by the organic matrix-mediated biomineralization model.Funding: This research was funded by the Estonian Investigation Council, grant quantity PRG836, and the Paleontological Society Sepkoski Grant 2021. Acknowledgments: I am grateful to H. Mutvei and E. Dunca, Swedish Museum of Organic History, for help with SEM. Photograph of Hydroides ezoensis was supplied by Elena Kupriyanova and created by Leslie Harris. I’m also grateful to 3 anonymous reviewers for the constructive comments on the manuscript and to Mark A. Wilson who revised the manuscript and made linguistic corrections. Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest. The funders had no part inside the design of the study; within the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; within the writing on the manuscript, or within the selection to publish the outcomes.
mineralsArticleApplication of Ion Exchange for Recovery of Noble MetalsKarolina Goc 1, , Joanna Kluczka 2 , Grzegorz Benke 1 , Joanna Malarz 1 , Karolina Pianowska 1 and Katarzyna Leszczynska-Sejda 1 Lukasiewicz Analysis Network-Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Sowinskiego five, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (K.P.); [email protected] (K.L.-S.) Division of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technologies, B. Krzywoustego six, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] Corres.
