Shown in Figure 2 is is expressed in chemical formulation as follows [24,25]: pressed in chemical formulation as follows [24,25]: CH3(CH2)nCOO- Na (exactly where n is commonly a multiplier among 12 0 18 [17]: and – Na Na (exactly where n is ordinarily a multiplier amongst 12 and 18 [17]: – (exactly where n is typically a multiplier between 12 and 18 [17]: CH3CH3(CH2)nCOO – (CH2)nCOO CH3 (CH2)n COO Na (exactly where n is normally a multiplier in between 12 and 18 [17]: CHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCH C \ 0 (1) 0 0 O a CHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCH C (1) CHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCH C\ C CHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCH non-polar hydrocarbon group Ionic group \ O a \ (1) (1) (water-insoluble) (water-soluble) O a O a Equationnon-polar hydrocarbon group (1) is simplified to: Ionic group (water-insoluble) non-polar hydrocarbon group Ionic group non-polar hydrocarbon group (water-soluble) Ionic group 0 (water-soluble) Equation (1) is simplified to: (water-insoluble) (water-insoluble) (water-soluble) (1) Equation (1) is simplified to: to: Equation (1) is simplified CH(CH) C (two) Equation (1) is simplified to: \ 0 0 0 O a CH(CH) C (2) CH(CH) C\ C CH(CH) (two) (2) using the worth of “n” generally varying amongst 12 and 18 [17]. O a \ \ Formula (2) is additional simplified to: O a O a (two) with the worth of “n” typically varying in between 12 and 18 [17]. O Formula value of “n”simplifiedvarying in between 1218 [17]. 18 [17]. with using the(two) is”n” typically usually in between betweenandand[17]. the with all the value of “n” varying varying 12 and 12 18 value of further commonly to: Formula (2) is further simplified to: to: simplified Formula (2) is further simplified “R” – C (three) O \ O O O a “R” – C (three) “R” “R” \ C – – C (three) (three) O a \ \ trans-Ned 19 In stock Similarly, a standard cationic emulsifying agent shown in Figure three, is depicted as: (three) O a O a Similarly, a standard cationic emulsifying agent shown in Figure 3, is depicted as: Similarly, a common cationic emulsifying agent shown in Figure three, is depicted as: H Similarly, a standard cationic emulsifying agent shown in Figure three, is3, is depicted as: Similarly, a standard cationic emulsifying agent shown in Figure depicted as: | “R” – N – Cl (four) H\ | | H HH H (4) “R” – N | -| Cl (four) | – N Cl Cl \ – – “R” – N “R” (4) (4) H | \H could be the properties and stability with the emulsion | \a function of many components, like the chemical properties of the emulsifyingH H (e.g., the length from the carbon-tail agent H H shown as “n”), the percentage with the emulsifying agent added through the emulsifying approach, the manufacturing method plus the properties in the bitumen. When it comes to chemical stability, it is actually worth noting that the bond strengths among the many atoms within the emulsifying agent differ substantially. These bond strengths could also play a significant role inside the stability of your emulsion, in particular in combination with a second nano-particle and/or when a modification towards the emulsification agent is introduced. The bond strengths involving a few of the significant atoms comprising the emulsifying agent are summarised in Figure 3 (compiled from published details [28]). From Figure three, it is noticed that the bond strengths in between the elements comprising an anionic emulsifying agent (pink arrow Avadomide References combinations) are significantly stronger than the bond strengths comprising the standard cationic emulsifying agent (green arrow combinations). This simplified chemistry explains the general trends discovered inside the stability typically related with anionic versus cationic bitumen emulsions in practi.
