The novel object was calculated based on the Licochalcone-A proportion of total time spent with the novel object.Tissue CollectionAnimals were anesthetized and perfused with saline as previously described [16]. The brains were then harvested and the hemispheres were bisected with a razor blade. The right half was fixed in ice cold 4 paraformaldehyde (PFA) while the left half was snap-frozen in isopentane and stored at 280uC until used for ELISA and Western blot analysis. The fixed tissue remained overnight in 4 PFA at 4uC and was then transferred to 30 sucrose until equilibrated.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementThis study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. Animal protocols were reviewed and approved by the University of Rochester (Protocol Number: 2008?8) and Brookhaven National Laboratory’s (BNL) (Protocol Number: 442) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.Immunohistochemistry (IHC)Brains were sectioned at 30 mm on a sliding knife microtome with a 225uC freezing stage. Sections were stored in cryoprotectant at 220uC until processing. Antibody staining was visualized using either biotinylated secondary antibodies, avidin-biotin complex (Elite), and a 3,3-diaminobenxadine (DAB) substrate kit (Vector Laboratories) or, immunofluorescent secondary antibodies bound 26001275 to Alexa fluorophores (Invitrogen) at a dilution of 1:500. Primary antibodies used were mouse anti-6E10 (Covance, 1:1000), rabbit anti-GFAP (DAKO 1:1000), rabbit anti-Iba-1 (Wako, 1:2000), rabbit anti-CD68 (AbD Serotec, 1:500), and Armenian hamster anti-ICAM (Thermo Scientific, 1:1000). Biotinylated secondary antibodies against their proper species (Jackson Laboratory) were used at 1:1000. For Congo red staining, a kit from Sigma-Aldrich was used.AnimalsTwenty-nine male and twenty female APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice (stock no. 004462) on a mixed C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6 background were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory at approximately 3 months of age. Animals were shipped to BNL and allowed to acclimate. Mice were housed five per cage in temperature (23 6 3uC) and light (12:12 light:dark) controlled rooms with free access to chow and water. After radiation exposure at 3.5 months of age, animals were shipped back to the University of Rochester until euthanasia. Mice were routinely monitored for 76932-56-4 cost Health issues and had no observable problems at the time of euthanasia. Male mice were euthanized at 9.5 months of age while female mice were euthanized at 7 months due to concerns raised regarding early death.Quantification of Amyloid Plaque Load and Glial ActivationBrains sections were viewed with an Axioplan 2i light microscope (Zeiss). For plaque area, a 5x lens was used. Multiple images were taken of a single section to obtain pictures of the whole cortex and hippocampus. Images were merged in Photoshop and subjected to threshold analysis using the max entropy threshold algorithm in NIH ImageJ (V1.46, http://rsbweb.nih. gov/ij/). The percent area occupied by 6E10 or Congo red of the cortex and hippocampus was calculated and analyzed. In addition to the percent area of 6E10, the total number and average size of 6E10 positive plaques was obtained using this threshold algorithm. The percent area occupied by GFAP was calculated for cortex only. Values obtained for male mice were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test comparing the different doses.The novel object was calculated based on the proportion of total time spent with the novel object.Tissue CollectionAnimals were anesthetized and perfused with saline as previously described [16]. The brains were then harvested and the hemispheres were bisected with a razor blade. The right half was fixed in ice cold 4 paraformaldehyde (PFA) while the left half was snap-frozen in isopentane and stored at 280uC until used for ELISA and Western blot analysis. The fixed tissue remained overnight in 4 PFA at 4uC and was then transferred to 30 sucrose until equilibrated.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementThis study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. Animal protocols were reviewed and approved by the University of Rochester (Protocol Number: 2008?8) and Brookhaven National Laboratory’s (BNL) (Protocol Number: 442) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.Immunohistochemistry (IHC)Brains were sectioned at 30 mm on a sliding knife microtome with a 225uC freezing stage. Sections were stored in cryoprotectant at 220uC until processing. Antibody staining was visualized using either biotinylated secondary antibodies, avidin-biotin complex (Elite), and a 3,3-diaminobenxadine (DAB) substrate kit (Vector Laboratories) or, immunofluorescent secondary antibodies bound 26001275 to Alexa fluorophores (Invitrogen) at a dilution of 1:500. Primary antibodies used were mouse anti-6E10 (Covance, 1:1000), rabbit anti-GFAP (DAKO 1:1000), rabbit anti-Iba-1 (Wako, 1:2000), rabbit anti-CD68 (AbD Serotec, 1:500), and Armenian hamster anti-ICAM (Thermo Scientific, 1:1000). Biotinylated secondary antibodies against their proper species (Jackson Laboratory) were used at 1:1000. For Congo red staining, a kit from Sigma-Aldrich was used.AnimalsTwenty-nine male and twenty female APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice (stock no. 004462) on a mixed C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6 background were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory at approximately 3 months of age. Animals were shipped to BNL and allowed to acclimate. Mice were housed five per cage in temperature (23 6 3uC) and light (12:12 light:dark) controlled rooms with free access to chow and water. After radiation exposure at 3.5 months of age, animals were shipped back to the University of Rochester until euthanasia. Mice were routinely monitored for health issues and had no observable problems at the time of euthanasia. Male mice were euthanized at 9.5 months of age while female mice were euthanized at 7 months due to concerns raised regarding early death.Quantification of Amyloid Plaque Load and Glial ActivationBrains sections were viewed with an Axioplan 2i light microscope (Zeiss). For plaque area, a 5x lens was used. Multiple images were taken of a single section to obtain pictures of the whole cortex and hippocampus. Images were merged in Photoshop and subjected to threshold analysis using the max entropy threshold algorithm in NIH ImageJ (V1.46, http://rsbweb.nih. gov/ij/). The percent area occupied by 6E10 or Congo red of the cortex and hippocampus was calculated and analyzed. In addition to the percent area of 6E10, the total number and average size of 6E10 positive plaques was obtained using this threshold algorithm. The percent area occupied by GFAP was calculated for cortex only. Values obtained for male mice were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test comparing the different doses.
