S representing the relative amount of transcripts including or skipping the pseudoexon, calculated by fluorescent RT-PCR for each deletion mutant after overexpression of hnRNP F in HepG2 cells. Bars represent mean 6 SD of 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. The results were analyzed by unpaired t-test. Statistical significance was calculated referring to the M construct (***P,0.001). (TIF)Supporting InformationFigure S1 Analysis of FGG pseudoexon donor splice site and overall sequence conservation. (A) Comparison of cryptic donor splice site of the pseudoexon with all the sequences of the physiologic donor sites in FGG exons. (B) UCSC snapshot showing the alignment of the 75-bp FGG pseudoexon sequence in vertebrates. (TIF) Figure S2 Effect of the 25-bp-region removal on pseudoexon inclusion by qRT-PCR. (left) Minigene constructs either containing (M) or lacking (M-del25) the 25-bp region (-)-Calyculin A web transiently transfected in HeLa cells. (right) Relative expression levels of wild-type and pseudoexon-containing transcripts, and ratio between the two isoforms in cells expressing M and M-del25 
plasmid, evaluated by qRT-PCR. Bars represent mean 6 SD of 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. The results were analyzed by unpaired t-test (**P,0.01; ***P,0.001). (TIF) Figure S3 Effect of SRp40 overexpression on the FGG pseudoexon splicing in HeLa cells. RT-PCRs wereAcknowledgmentsWe wish to thank Alessia Burocchi and Rossana Piccioni for their technical support.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: VR GS RA SS EB SD. Performed the experiments: VR GS RA SS CS. Analyzed the data: VR GS RA EB SD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EB. Wrote the paper: VR GS RA EB SD.
Chordomas are malignant tumors with a 
phenotype that recapitulates the notochord. These tumors arise within the bones of the axial skeleton and show a destructive growth [1,2]. Chordomas are typically largely resistant to conventional chemoand radiotherapy and therefore surgery remains the main treatment option. However, the critical anatomic location and the MedChemExpress DprE1-IN-2 commonly large tumor size rarely allow a wide curative excision. Therefore recurrent disease is a common event and even metastases have 1081537 been reported in up to 40 of cases [3]. The molecular and genetic events involved in the development and progression of chordomas are not well understood and biomarkers do not exist. Although chordomas harbor common chromosomal gains and losses [4] they lack balanced or unbalanced chromosomal exchanges. Those lead to the creation of fusion genes and also screening for mutations in brachyury (a nuclear transcription factor highly expressed in chordomas) and other common cancer associated genes like KRAS and BRAF which failed to show a consistent genetic profile. DNA methylation is a tightly regulated process during normal development and it becomes deregulated during neoplastic transformation and disease development [5].DNA methylation is relatively stable in body fluids like serum or plasma and can therefore be easily detected by sensitive PCRbased assay [6]. Hypomethylation and/or hypermethylation of specific gene loci, including tumor suppressor genes are strongly associated with disease development [7]. DNA methylation of cytosine at CpG islands can function as transcription repressor, which subsequently leads to the silencing of the associated genes. To the best of our knowledge epigenetic data on chordomas are not available. Theref.S representing the relative amount of transcripts including or skipping the pseudoexon, calculated by fluorescent RT-PCR for each deletion mutant after overexpression of hnRNP F in HepG2 cells. Bars represent mean 6 SD of 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. The results were analyzed by unpaired t-test. Statistical significance was calculated referring to the M construct (***P,0.001). (TIF)Supporting InformationFigure S1 Analysis of FGG pseudoexon donor splice site and overall sequence conservation. (A) Comparison of cryptic donor splice site of the pseudoexon with all the sequences of the physiologic donor sites in FGG exons. (B) UCSC snapshot showing the alignment of the 75-bp FGG pseudoexon sequence in vertebrates. (TIF) Figure S2 Effect of the 25-bp-region removal on pseudoexon inclusion by qRT-PCR. (left) Minigene constructs either containing (M) or lacking (M-del25) the 25-bp region transiently transfected in HeLa cells. (right) Relative expression levels of wild-type and pseudoexon-containing transcripts, and ratio between the two isoforms in cells expressing M and M-del25 plasmid, evaluated by qRT-PCR. Bars represent mean 6 SD of 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. The results were analyzed by unpaired t-test (**P,0.01; ***P,0.001). (TIF) Figure S3 Effect of SRp40 overexpression on the FGG pseudoexon splicing in HeLa cells. RT-PCRs wereAcknowledgmentsWe wish to thank Alessia Burocchi and Rossana Piccioni for their technical support.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: VR GS RA SS EB SD. Performed the experiments: VR GS RA SS CS. Analyzed the data: VR GS RA EB SD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EB. Wrote the paper: VR GS RA EB SD.
Chordomas are malignant tumors with a phenotype that recapitulates the notochord. These tumors arise within the bones of the axial skeleton and show a destructive growth [1,2]. Chordomas are typically largely resistant to conventional chemoand radiotherapy and therefore surgery remains the main treatment option. However, the critical anatomic location and the commonly large tumor size rarely allow a wide curative excision. Therefore recurrent disease is a common event and even metastases have 1081537 been reported in up to 40 of cases [3]. The molecular and genetic events involved in the development and progression of chordomas are not well understood and biomarkers do not exist. Although chordomas harbor common chromosomal gains and losses [4] they lack balanced or unbalanced chromosomal exchanges. Those lead to the creation of fusion genes and also screening for mutations in brachyury (a nuclear transcription factor highly expressed in chordomas) and other common cancer associated genes like KRAS and BRAF which failed to show a consistent genetic profile. DNA methylation is a tightly regulated process during normal development and it becomes deregulated during neoplastic transformation and disease development [5].DNA methylation is relatively stable in body fluids like serum or plasma and can therefore be easily detected by sensitive PCRbased assay [6]. Hypomethylation and/or hypermethylation of specific gene loci, including tumor suppressor genes are strongly associated with disease development [7]. DNA methylation of cytosine at CpG islands can function as transcription repressor, which subsequently leads to the silencing of the associated genes. To the best of our knowledge epigenetic data on chordomas are not available. Theref.
