T viruses from 200 ml of the fraction on to copper grids (200 mesh) with carbon-stabilized formvar that had been rendered hydrophilic by UV irradiation (240 mJ). The grids were secured to the distal interior surface of the Airfuge rotor chambers (EM-90, Beckman) and the sample was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 118 0006g. Viruses on the grid were then stained with 10 ml of 0.02 mm-filtered 2 uranyl acetate for 45 s. The stain was then wicked away with absorbent filter paper (Whatman) and the grids were rinsed with 10 ml of ultrapure water (NANOPure DIamond, Barnstead) which was also wicked away with absorbent filter paper. The stained grids were then air dried and stored desiccated at room temperature (18?4uC) until analysis. Grids were examined at 100 000?25 0006 magnification using a transmission electron microscope (LEO 912) with 100 kV accelerating voltage. CB5083 supplier Micrographs were taken of the firstViral FractionationContinuous cesium chloride (CsCl) gradients were used as the first fractionation step to separate viruses from one another based on their differing buoyant densities [23]. The density of the viral concentrate was adjusted to 1.45 g ml21 by the addition and dissolution of solid molecular grade CsCl (Fisher Scientific) and 10.5 ml of the resulting solution was deposited into a 12-ml polyallomer ultracentrifuge tube (Beckman Coulter). A 1-ml cushion of 1.52 g ml21 CsCl that had been prepared with ultrapure water (NANOPure DIamond, Barnstead) and filtered through a 0.02 mm pore-size syringe filter (Acrodisc, Pall) was deposited at the bottom of the tube with a Pasteur pipet to avoid pelleting of viruses more dense than the initial solution density before the gradient formed. The gradient was then centrifuged at 25000 rpm for 72 hrs at 4uC with a swinging bucket rotor (SWAssembly of a Viral Metagenome after Fractionation50 observed viruses with a Proscan Slow-Scan Frame-Transfer cooled CCD camera with 1K 61K resolution run with 115103-85-0 supplier analySIS software (Soft Imaging Systems). Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics) was used to measure the capsid diameters and tail lengths of the first 50 observed viruses.Library Construction and SequencingViruses in the remaining portion of the 
fraction were concentrated with a 100 kDa NMWCO Nanosep centrifugal ultrafiltration device (Pall) and the DNA was extracted with a MasterPure Complete DNA and RNA Purification Kit (Epicentre). The extracted DNA was then split into four samples and separate clone libraries were constructed from three of the 
extracted samples. The DNA in those samples was amplified with three separate multiple displacement amplification (MDA) reactions (REPLI-g, Qiagen) in an effort to reduce amplification bias as a result of MDA [27]. After extracting the amplified DNA, one of the samples was then physically sheared to 3? kb using a HydroShear (Genomic Solutions) while the other two samples were sheared to 1? kb. The sheared samples were then purified with a MinElute PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen), the ends were made blunt with a DNA Terminator End Repair Kit (Lucigen), and gel electrophoresis was used to isolate the appropriate sizes of DNA from each sample. DNA was extracted from the first sample in the gel with a MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen), but this resulted in low recovery of the DNA (,5 ), so the other two samples were extracted from the gel with a Centrilutor microeluter (Millipore), resulting in 35 to 52 recovery. A clone library was then constructed from each o.T viruses from 200 ml of the fraction on to copper grids (200 mesh) with carbon-stabilized formvar that had been rendered hydrophilic by UV irradiation (240 mJ). The grids were secured to the distal interior surface of the Airfuge rotor chambers (EM-90, Beckman) and the sample was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 118 0006g. Viruses on the grid were then stained with 10 ml of 0.02 mm-filtered 2 uranyl acetate for 45 s. The stain was then wicked away with absorbent filter paper (Whatman) and the grids were rinsed with 10 ml of ultrapure water (NANOPure DIamond, Barnstead) which was also wicked away with absorbent filter paper. The stained grids were then air dried and stored desiccated at room temperature (18?4uC) until analysis. Grids were examined at 100 000?25 0006 magnification using a transmission electron microscope (LEO 912) with 100 kV accelerating voltage. Micrographs were taken of the firstViral FractionationContinuous cesium chloride (CsCl) gradients were used as the first fractionation step to separate viruses from one another based on their differing buoyant densities [23]. The density of the viral concentrate was adjusted to 1.45 g ml21 by the addition and dissolution of solid molecular grade CsCl (Fisher Scientific) and 10.5 ml of the resulting solution was deposited into a 12-ml polyallomer ultracentrifuge tube (Beckman Coulter). A 1-ml cushion of 1.52 g ml21 CsCl that had been prepared with ultrapure water (NANOPure DIamond, Barnstead) and filtered through a 0.02 mm pore-size syringe filter (Acrodisc, Pall) was deposited at the bottom of the tube with a Pasteur pipet to avoid pelleting of viruses more dense than the initial solution density before the gradient formed. The gradient was then centrifuged at 25000 rpm for 72 hrs at 4uC with a swinging bucket rotor (SWAssembly of a Viral Metagenome after Fractionation50 observed viruses with a Proscan Slow-Scan Frame-Transfer cooled CCD camera with 1K 61K resolution run with analySIS software (Soft Imaging Systems). Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics) was used to measure the capsid diameters and tail lengths of the first 50 observed viruses.Library Construction and SequencingViruses in the remaining portion of the fraction were concentrated with a 100 kDa NMWCO Nanosep centrifugal ultrafiltration device (Pall) and the DNA was extracted with a MasterPure Complete DNA and RNA Purification Kit (Epicentre). The extracted DNA was then split into four samples and separate clone libraries were constructed from three of the extracted samples. The DNA in those samples was amplified with three separate multiple displacement amplification (MDA) reactions (REPLI-g, Qiagen) in an effort to reduce amplification bias as a result of MDA [27]. After extracting the amplified DNA, one of the samples was then physically sheared to 3? kb using a HydroShear (Genomic Solutions) while the other two samples were sheared to 1? kb. The sheared samples were then purified with a MinElute PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen), the ends were made blunt with a DNA Terminator End Repair Kit (Lucigen), and gel electrophoresis was used to isolate the appropriate sizes of DNA from each sample. DNA was extracted from the first sample in the gel with a MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen), but this resulted in low recovery of the DNA (,5 ), so the other two samples were extracted from the gel with a Centrilutor microeluter (Millipore), resulting in 35 to 52 recovery. A clone library was then constructed from each o.
