y DNA methylation in many cancers. Several genes of the Ras oncogene family are also up-regulated by both proteins: RAB27A, RAB9A, RASFF2, RASSF4. For example, RAB27A may be involved in protein transport and small GTPase mediated signal transduction. These few examples of Tax-1/Tax-3-up-regulated genes demonstrate possible new implications of these Tax proteins in cellular processes that have not been described until now. Hence, further studies on the genes up-regulated by Tax-3 and Tax-1 are necessary for improving knowledge and new mechanism on Tax3/HTLV-3 infection. Tax is not the only HTLV-1 protein that is important for cell transformation. Indeed, it has been shown that HBZ, together with Tax-1, participate in cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro and more recently in cell transformation. Interestingly, like HBZ, the antisense protein of HTLV-2, APH-2, is expressed in vivo, is able to interact with CREB and repress Tax-2-mediated Tax3 vs. Tax1 and Tax2 Transcriptional Profile transcription but does not promote cell proliferation. However, APH-2, like APH-3 and -4, doesn’t possess a classical bZIP domain and demonstrates a differential subcellular localization compared to HBZ. This highlights other phenotypical differences among HTLV viruses. In conclusion, we have performed a high throughput analysis to study the global gene expression profiles of T- and non T-cells expressing Tax-1, Tax-2 or Tax-3. Independently of the PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22202440 cell type, we identified a set of genes whose expression is commonly affected by all Tax proteins and that are hence characteristic of the 
HTLV infection. We have also shown that Tax-3 and Tax-1 are closely related in terms of induced cellular transcriptional profiles. The majority of Tax-1/Tax-3 up-regulated genes are functionally linked in biological processes characteristic of Tax-expressing HTLV-1-infected T-cells: regulation of transcription and apoptosis, activation of the NF-kB cascade, T-cell mediated immunity and induction of cell proliferation and differentiation. Given the prime role of Tax and of its transcriptional activities in the initiation of the HTLV-1 induced ATLL, it is possible that differences in Tax properties might account for differences in physiopathological outcomes among HTLVs. HTLV-3 might share pathogenic features with HTLV-1 in vivo and that the 16 Tax3 vs. Tax1 and Tax2 Transcriptional Profile 17 Tax3 vs. Tax1 and Tax2 Transcriptional Profile apparent lack of symptoms in HTLV-3-infected individuals might only be a result of the very limited number of individuals studied so far. BIRC-3 and ICAM1 primers; and 59uC for Tax-3 and GAPDH primers. Western Blot Materials and Methods Cells Culture 293 T and MOLT4 cells were MedChemExpress ZM-447439 cultured in DMEM-GLUTAMAX-I and RPMI-GLUTAMAX-I, respectively, complemented with 10% fetal bovine serum , and antibiotics. Cell lines were maintained at 37uC in 5% CO2. 293 T and MOLT4 cells were obtained from ATCC. Seventy-two hours post-transduction, cells were collected and washed with PBS. Proteins were extracted in the presence of protease inhibitors then quantified using the Bradford reagent assay. Samples were loaded into 412% NU-PAGE gels. Following electrophoresis, proteins were transferred onto a PVDF membrane using the Iblot system. Membranes were blocked in a 5% milk/ PBS-Tween 0,05% solution for 1 h, then incubated overnight with primary antibody, anti-b-actin clone AC74, anti-BIRC3/cIAP2 clone E40, antiRAB9A sc53145 or anti-ICAM1 ab66100. The next day, the
