of sessions 2 & 3. Approximately 35 min intervals separated sessions 1 & 3. Each get ZM 447439 session was,25 minutes long. T305D mice showed lower pixel-by-pixel similarity in place fields between sessions than their WT littermate controls. Specifically, the similarity between session 1 and 3, which had identical cue card positions, was significantly lower in mutants than controls, suggesting that place cells in the mutants were less capable of recognizing the same environment compared to the control group. Similarities for other combinations CA1 Place Cell Spiking in aCaMKIIT305D Mutant Mice mutants. It is possible that the conflict between the unchanging prominent distal cue and the changing local cue affected the place cells of the mutants more than the place cells of WT mice. Altogether the data presented indicate that although modulation of firing rate was similar between groups, T305D place fields were more CA1 Place Cell Spiking in aCaMKIIT305D Mutant Mice variable and unstable. Abnormal Spiking Patterns in T305D Mutants In-vivo extracellular recordings of CA1 pyramidal neurons in both T305D and WT mice showed a characteristic bursting pattern of two or more action potentials in quick succession with progressively diminishing amplitude. However, analyses of the peak time for 
inter-spike intervals from individual neurons revealed that this value was higher in T305D mice than in controls, suggesting that there are fundamental changes in the temporal spiking properties of pyramidal neurons of T305D mice. Overall ISI characteristics. To better understand the characteristic differences in spiking between the two groups, we compared ISI histogram variability of all spikes in the recording session by obtaining the coefficients of variation over the whole recording sessions. We found that over the whole session, the CVs of mutants and controls were PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22188681 not significantly different. However, the entropy of the distribution increased significantly for T305D. Altogether these results indicate that even though the overall spiking distributions were not different between T305D mice and controls, the increased entropy suggests a higher amount of variation in ISIs of T305D mice. We have also assessed the relation between the remapping phenomenon and the ISI peak time using a logistic regression analysis as follows. The Logistic is fit as log)/)) = a_0+a_16ISI_Peak+a_26T+a_36 Session2+a_46Session3, where a_0 through a_4 are regression 5 CA1 Place Cell Spiking in aCaMKIIT305D Mutant Mice coefficients. For neuron i, P) denotes the probability of the neuron undergoing a complete place field remapping between sessions as opposed to a less than 90deg rotation with either the local or distal cues. ISI_Peak denotes the peak ISI time, T = 1 denotes that i is in T305D, while T = 0 denotes that i is in WT group. Session2 and Session3 are indicator variables for sessions 2 and 3, respectively. The P when Session2 = 1 is thus the probability of a complete remap from session 2 to session 3. For this prediction, we used the ISI peak time for session 2. We found that a longer ISI peak time was a predictor for complete remapping. In a reduced regression using Group and Session ID, we also confirmed that place cells in the T305D group tended to have higher probability of remapping. These results suggest that a prolonged ISI peak time may predict remapping and that remapping tends to occur more frequently for place cells in the T305D group. Correlation of spiking rate given spatia
