pancreatic islet cells while allowing us to manipulate gene expression. HIT insulinoma cells were grown in DMEM containing 5.5 mM and 25 mM glucose. As traditional, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR with SYBR green yielded qualitatively similar results in islet cells, traditional 
RT-PCR analysis was carried out to AZD-5438 web investigate the impaired gene expression. In HIT cells, the responsiveness to cAMP was impaired as found in rat islet cells grown in high glucose. Thus, forskolin prolonged the ICER induction for longer than 6 h and concomitantly suppressed the level of NeuroD, SUR1, and insulin transcription by 77%, 54%, and 72%, respectively. In contrast, in HIT cells grown in the presence of 5.5 mM glucose, ICER was transiently induced only for 1 h after forskolin treatment but immediately fell to the basal level thereafter. Meanwhile, the expression of NeuroD, insulin, or SUR1 was not affected. The data consistently suggest that persistent induction of ICER is the primary cause for the repression of NeuroD, SUR1, and insulin. The results also indicate that HIT cells can serve as a physiologically relevant in vitro system for analyzing the effects of chronic hyperglycemia on ICER-mediated repression of b-cell-specific genes. As NeuroD is a known transcriptional regulator of SUR1 and insulin, we hypothesized that NeuroD might be a direct target of ICER. pGL3-NeuroD and pGL3-NeuroD by 4.1,6.9-fold in HIT cells. Importantly, both the basal and CREB-stimulated activity of reporter genes with wild type CRE were downregulated by forskolin treatment. Overexpression of ICER Ic repressed the both reporter genes in a dose-dependent manner whereas overexpression of CREMta, a constitutively active form of CREM that has a higher affinity for CRE sequences than CREB, attenuated the negative effects of ICER by competing with ICER for binding to the CRE sequence. In any cases, a mutation of the CRE sequence abolished the effects of CREB, CREMta, ICER Ic, or forskolin, verifying the idea that the TCAGCTCA sequence at 273 bp is a functional CRE. Direct binding of ICER to the CRE at the 273 bp position PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189787 was clearly proven by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays performed with an anti-ICER antibody. Under low glucose conditions, the amount of the ICER-specific product was minor and not increased by forskolin. In contrast, the basal intensity of ChIP product was slightly elevated under high glucose conditions and further increased by 2.3-fold at 6 h after the forskolin treatment. These data collectively suggest that chronic exposure to supraphysiologic glucose concentrations destroys the negative feedback regulation of the CREB-ICER pathway and the excessively produced ICER proteins silence the NeuroD promoter by binding to the CRE. Deregulation of CREB signaling by reduced PP2A in chronic hyperglycemia ICER expression can be terminated by deactivation of pCREB which otherwise binds to a CRE site in the ICER promoter, and by autologous negative feedback by its own product. Thus, persistent induction of ICER in chronic hyperglycemia suggests that pCREB deactivation does not occur and consequently the pCREB level is constantly elevated. Indeed, western blot analysis indicated that pCREB expression under low glucose conditions was minimal and transiently increased by 1.4-fold only for 30 min after forskolin treatment. By comparison, the basal pCREB level was elevated by 1.4-fold under high glucose conditions, and further increased by forskolin. The elevati
