nctional homology with Laa1. It should be noted that abnormal findings seen in the electron micrographs of sip1-i4 cells are similar to the previously reported findings in the ypt3-i5 mutant and Dapm1 cells. This suggested that the role of Sip1 in membrane trafficking was associated with Golgi/endosomes and vacuoles. heads, 4C) and partly co-localized with FM4-64 in sip1-i4 and sip162 cells. This suggested that, as with Apm1, Sip1 was involved in the Golgi/endosome membrane trafficking pathway. Quantification of Syb1 localization in the cell ends and Syb1 co-localization with FM4-64 confirmed these results. To further characterize the defects in membrane trafficking associated with the Golgi/endosome system in sip1 mutant cells, we investigated the co-localization of the Golgi marker protein Vrg4 and FM4-64. In wild-type cells, GFP-Vrg4 mostly colocalized with FM4-64. However, a small number of the Vrg4 positive dots did not co-localize with FM4-64. In contrast, in sip1-i4 and sip1-62 cells, the punctuate fluorescence pattern of Vrg4 did not colocalize with FM4-64. Quantification of Vrg4 colocalization with FM4-64 showed that 8.060.2 of the Vrg4 punctates co-localized with FM4-64 fluorescence in wild-type cells, whereas 0.260.1, and 0.260.1 of the Vrg4 punctates co-localized with FM4-64 in sip1-i4 and sip1-62 cells, respectively. In budding yeast, the GDP mannose transporter predominantly localizes to the Golgi apparatus as detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Abe et al. also investigated the mechanism of Golgi-resident Vrg4 protein in the stream of vesicular traffic, and found that Vrg4p is recycling between the ER and Golgi apparatus. In S. pombe, our previous paper showed that Vrg4 mostly co-localized with the Golgi marker Krp1, which suggested that Vrg4 was predominantly localized to the Golgi, similar to what is observed in budding yeast. Thus, we hypothesize that the Vrg4-positive dots that co-localize with FM464 may represent Golgi, and that the Vrg4-positive dots that did not co-localize with FM4-64 may represent unidentified structures, including the ER. Altogether, these results indicated that both sip1 mutant alleles resulted in defects in Golgi/endosomal membrane trafficking. Sip1 is not Essential for Endocytosis To NP-031112 chemical information determine if the endocytosis defects reported by Jourdain et al. were specific to the sip1-62 mutant allele, we performed a timecourse experiment using FM4-64, a vital dye that is internalized in living cells through endocytosis and accumulates in vacuoles. As a control, we used Dapm1 cells in which endocytosis was not impaired. In wild-type cells, small fluorescent dots appeared in the cytoplasm within 5 min of incubation at 27uC; these dots became increasingly brighter over the next 10 min. The staining of these endosomal intermediates subsequently decreased concomitant with the appearance of FM4-64 in vacuolar membranes. After 
60 min, FM4-64 staining was predominant in the vacuoles. In sip1-i4, sip1-62 and Dapm1 cells, FM4-64-labeled endosomal intermediates had kinetics similar to that observed in wild-type cells, indicating that the internalization step of endocytosis was not impaired in these mutants. Subsequent delivery to PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210737 the vacuole was not impaired in these mutant cells, although some FM4-64 fluorescent dots were observed in most of the sip1-i4 mutant and the sip1-62 mutant cells. By comparison, the appearance of these dots was less frequent in wild-type cells and Dapm1 cells. This sip1 Mutan
